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Tuberculosis of Spine
Keywords:
Tuberculosis, Spondylitis, MycobacteriumAbstract
ABSTRACT
Involvement of spine in tuberculosis has serious implications if not diagnosed and treated in time. Paraplegia of different grades is not uncommon. The disease is more common in developing countries but in the developed countries it is also seen, majority of the patients being immigrants from TB endemic countries. Diagnosis is based on clinical judgement aided by variety of investigations, MRI being the imaging modality of choice. Treatment must be started as early as possible following WHO guidelines and patients must be followed till the eradication of the disease. Decision of surgical intervention should be taken carefully as not all patients are candidates for conservative management.
References
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2. Dobson J. Percivall Pott. Ann R Coll Surg Eng 1972;50 (1):54-65.
3. Taylor GM, Murphy E, Hopkins R, Rutland P, Chistov Y. First report of Mycobacterium bovis DNA in human remains from the Iron Age. Microbiology 2007;153(4):1243-9.
4. McLain RF, Isada C. Spinal tuberculosis deserves a place on the radar screen. Cleve Clin J Med. 2004;71(7):537–49.
5. Guerado E, Cer ván AM. Surgical treatment of spondylodiscitis. An update. Int Orthop. 2012;36(2):413–20. Feb.
6. Boachi-Adjei O, Squillante RG. Tuberculosis of the spine. Orthop Clin North Am. 1996;27:95–103.
7. Ferrer MF, Torres LG, Ramirez OA, Zarzuelo MR, Gonzalez NP. Tuberculosis of the spine. A systematic review of case series. Int Orthop. 2012;36(2):221–31.
8. Jain AK. Treatment of tuberculosis of the spine with neurologic complications in symposium on Osteo-articular tuberculosis. Clin Orthop Rel Res 2002; 398: 75-84
9. Crenshaw AH (ed), Tuberculosis of spine, Campbell’s operative orthopaedics, vol 4, 7th edn. CV Mosby, St. Louis.1987; pp 3326-3342.
10. Kotil K, Alan MS, Bilge T. Medical management of Pott disease in the thoracic and lumbar spine: a prospective clinical study. J Neurosurg Spine 2007;6(3):222–8.
11. Raviglione MC. Tuberculosis. In: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J, editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 19th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015.
12. Chen YH, Lin CB, Harnod T, Wu WT, Yu JC, Chen IH, et al. Treatment modalities for tuberculosis of the spine: 22 years’ experience in east Taiwan. Formos J Surg 2013;46:189e94.
13. World Health Organization. Stop TB Partnership. The global plan to stop TB 2011e2015. Available from: http://www.stoptb.org/global/plan [Accessed June 15, 2016].
14. Boachi-Adjei O, Squillante RG. Tuberculosis of the spine. Orthop Clin North Am. 1996;27:95–103.
15. Sterling TR, Pham PA, Chaisson RE. HIV infection-related tuberculosis: clinical manifestations and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(Suppl 3):S223–30.
16. Talbot JC, Bismil Q, Saralaya D, Newton DA, Frizzel RM, Shaw DL. Musculoskeletal tuberculosis in Bradford – a 6-year review. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2007;89(4):405–9.
17. Gautam MP, Karki P, Rijal S, Singh R. Pott’s spine and Pott’s paraplegia. J Nep Med Assoc 2005;44(159):106–15.
18. Grammatico L, Baron S, Rusch E, Lepage B, Surer N, Desenclos JC, et al. Epidemiology of vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) in France: analysis of hospital-discharge data 2002–2003. Epidemiol Infect 2008;136(5):653–60.
19. Currier BC, Eismont FJ. Infection of the spine. In: Herkowitz HN, Garfin SR, Balderston RA, et al. (eds.) Rothman-Simeone The Spine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 1999. p. 1207–58.
20. Schirmer P, Renault CA, Holodniy M. Is spinal tuberculosis contagious? Int J Infect Dis 2010;14(8):e659–66.
21. Shanley DJ. Tuberculosis of the spine: imaging features. Am J Roentgenol 1995;164(3):659–64.
22. Moghtaderi A, Alavi-Naini R, Rahimi-Movagar V. Tuberculous myelopathy: current aspects of neurological sequels in the southeast of Iran. Acta Neurol Scand 2006;113(4):267–72.
23. Moorthy S, Prabhu NK. Spectrum of MR imaging findings in spinal tuberculosis. Am J Roentgenol 2002;179(4):979–83.
24. Tuli SM. Severe kyphotic deformity in tuberculosis of the spine. Int Orthop. 1995;19:327–31.
25. Jain AK, Dhammi IK, Jain S, Mishra P. Kyphosis in spinal tuberculosis – Prevention and correction.Indian J Orthop. 2010 Apr-Jun; 44(2): 127–136.
26. Rajasekaran S, Rao I R. Lumbar instability following tuberculous infections. Indian J Orthop. 2003;37:6.
27. Hodgson AR, Yau A. Pott’s paraplegia: A classification based upon the living pathology. Paraplegia 1967;5(1):1–16.
28. Alavi SM, Sharifi M. Tuberculous spondylitis: risk factors and clinical/paraclinical aspects in the south west of Iran. J Infect Public Health 2010;3(4):196–200.
29. Sternbach G. Percivall Pott: tuberculous spondylitis. J Emerg Med 1996;14:79e83.
30. Rasit AH, Razak M, Ting FS. The pattern of spinal tuberculosis in Sarawak General Hospital. Med J Malaysia 2001; 56: 143-150.
31. Alkhuja S, Miller A. Tuberculosis and sudden death: a case report and review. Heart Lung. 2001 Sep-Oct;30(5):388-91.
32. Marques CDL, Duarte A ˆ LBP, de Lorena VMB, Souza JR, Souza WV, de Miranda Gomes Y, de Carvalho EMF. Evaluation of an interferon gamma assay in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol 2009; Int 30: 57-62
33. Herrera Victor, Perry Sharon, Parsonnet Julie, Banaei Niaz. Clinical application and limitations of interferon-g release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection. Clin Pract 2011; 52: 1031-1037
34. Chan ED, Iseman MD. Current medical treatment for tuberculosis. BMJ 2002;325(7375):1282–6.
35. Alvi AA, Raees A, khan Rehmani MA, Aslam HM, Saleem S, Ashraf J. Magnetic resonance image findings of spinal tuberculosis at first presentation. Int Arch Med 2014;7:12.
36. Ridley N, Shaikh MI, Remedios D, Mitchell R. Radiology of skeletal tuberculosis. Orthopedics 1998;21(11):1213–20.
37. Pandit HG, Sonsale PD, Shikare SS, Bhojraj SY. Bone scintigraphy in tuberculous spondylodiscitis. Eur Spine J 1999;8(3):205–9.
38. Moorthy S, Prabhu N. Spectrum of MR imaging findings in spinal tuberculosis. AJR 2002; 179: 979-983.
39. Jain R, Sawhney S, Berry M. Computed tomography of tuberculosis: patterns of bone destruction. Clin Radiol 1993;47(3):196–9.
40. Mondal A. Cytological diagnosis of vertebral tuberculosis with fine needle aspiration biopsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1994;76(2): 181–4.
41. Francis IM, Das DK, Luthra UK, Sheikh Z, Sheikh M, Bashir M. Value of radiologically guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis: a study of 29 cases. Cytopathology 1999;10(6):390–401.
42. Chen CH, Chen YM, Lee CW, Chang YJ, Cheng CY, Hung JK. Early diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis. J Formos Med Assoc. 2016 Oct;115(10):825-836.
43. Pai M, Riley LW, Colford Jr JM. Interferon-gamma assays in the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2004;4:761e76.
44. Rattan A. PCR for diagnosis of tuberculosis: where are we now? Indian J Tuberc 2000; 47: 79-82
45. Pai M, Flores LL, Hubbard A, Riley LW, Colford Jr JM. Nucleic acid amplifiaction tests in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis:a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2004;4:6.
46. Noordin S, Allana S, Ahmad T, Sajjad Z, Ahmad K, Enam SA, Lakdawala RH. Thoracolumbar Tuberculosis: Implications for Appropriate Management based on Disease Location
and Proposal of a Novel Scoring System.International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health. 2011; 3:18-27.
47. Mehta JS, Bhojraj SY. Tuberculosis of the thoracic spine. A classification based on the selection of surgical strategies. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001 Aug;83(6):859-63.
48. Ferrer MF, Torres LG, Ramirez OA, Zarzuelo MR, Gonzalez NP. Tuberculosis of the spine. A systematic review of case series. Int Orthop. 2012;36(2):221–31. Feb.
49. Jutte PC, Van Loenhout-Rooyackers JH. Routine surgery in addition to chemotherapy for treating spinal tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(1):CD004532. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004532.
50. Tuli SM. Treatment of neurological complications in tuberculosis of spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1969;51(4):680–92.
51. Lifeso RM, Weaver P, Harder EH. Tuberculous spondylitis in adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1985;67(9):1405–13.
52. Hazra A, Laha B. Chemotherapy of osteoarticular tuberculosis. Indian J Pharmacol 2005;37(1):5–12.
53. van Loenhout-Rooyackers JH, Verbeek AL, Jutte PC. Chemotherapeutic treatment for spinal tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002;6(3):259–65.
54. Donald PR. The chemotherapy of osteo-articular tuberculosis with recommendations for treatment of children. J Infect 2011; 62(6):411–39.
55. Hristea A, Constantinescu RV, Exergian F, Arama V, Besleaga M, Tanasescu R. Paraplegia due to non-osseous spinal tuberculosis: report of three cases and review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis 2008;12(4):425–9.
56. Tuli SM. Challenge of therapeutically refractory and multidrug resistant tuberculosis in orthopaedic practice. Indian J Orthop. 2002;36:211–3.
57. Jain AK. Tuberculosis of the spine: A fresh look at an old disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92- B:905–13.
58. Multidrug and extensively drug-resistant TB (M/XDR-TB): global report on surveillance and response. 2010
59. Jain AK, Dhammi IK, Modi P, Kumar J, Sreenivasan R, Saini NS. Tuberculosis spine: Therapeutically refractory disease. Indian J Orthop. 2012 Mar-Apr; 46(2): 171–178.
60. Tuli SM. Results of treatment of spinal tuberculosis by ‘middle path’ regime. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1975;57(1):13–23.
61. Sell P. Expert’s comment concerning grand rounds case entitled ‘Posterior listhesis of a lumbar vertebra in spinal tuberculosis’ (by Matthew A. Kirkman and Krishnamurthy Sridhar). Eur Spine J 2011;20(1):6–8.
62. Leong JC. Tuberculosis of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993; 75(2):173–5.
63. Hodgson AR, Stock FE, Anterior spinal fusion a preliminary communication on the radical treatment of Pott’s disease and Pott’s paraplegia. The British journal of surgery 1956; 44(185): 266-275
64. Faraj AA, Webb JK. Spinal instrumentation for primary pyogenic infection: Report of 31 patients. Acta Orthop Belg 2000; 66: 242-247
65. Fukuta S, Miyamoto K, Masuda T, Hosoe H, Kodama H, Nishimoto H, Sakaeda H, Shimizu K. Two stage (posterior and anterior) surgical Treatment using posterior spinal instrumentation for pyogenic and tuberculotic spondylitis. Spine 2003; 28: E302-E308
66. Soultanis K, Mantelos G, Pagiatakis A, Soucacos PN. Late infection in patients with scoliosis treated with spinal instrumentation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003; 411: 116-123
67. Rajasekaran S. The problem of deformity in spinal tuberculosis. Clin Orthop 2002;398:85-92.
68. Laheri VJ, Badhe NP, Dewnany GT. Single stage decompression, anterior interbody fusion and posterior instrumentation for tuberculous kyphosis of the dorso-lumbar spine. Spinal Cord 2001;39:429-36.
69. Jain AK, Maheshwari AV, Jena S. Kyphus correction in spinal tuberculosis. Clin Orthop 2007;460:117-23.
70. Moon MSW, Woo YK, Lee KS, et al. Posterior instrumentation and anterior interbody fusion for tuberculous kyphosis of dorsal and lumbar spines. Spine 1995;20:1910-16.
71. Yau AC, Hsu LC, O’Brien JP, Hodgson AR. Tuberculous kyphosis: correction with spinal osteotomy, halo-pelvic distraction, and anterior and posterior fusion. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1974;56-A:1419-34.
72. Korovessis P, Repantis T, Iliopoulos P, Hadjipavlou A. Beneficial influence of titanium mesh cage on infection healing and spinal reconstruction in hematogenous septic spondylitis: a retrospective analysis of surgical outcome of twenty-five consecutive cases and review of literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33:E759–E767.
2. Dobson J. Percivall Pott. Ann R Coll Surg Eng 1972;50 (1):54-65.
3. Taylor GM, Murphy E, Hopkins R, Rutland P, Chistov Y. First report of Mycobacterium bovis DNA in human remains from the Iron Age. Microbiology 2007;153(4):1243-9.
4. McLain RF, Isada C. Spinal tuberculosis deserves a place on the radar screen. Cleve Clin J Med. 2004;71(7):537–49.
5. Guerado E, Cer ván AM. Surgical treatment of spondylodiscitis. An update. Int Orthop. 2012;36(2):413–20. Feb.
6. Boachi-Adjei O, Squillante RG. Tuberculosis of the spine. Orthop Clin North Am. 1996;27:95–103.
7. Ferrer MF, Torres LG, Ramirez OA, Zarzuelo MR, Gonzalez NP. Tuberculosis of the spine. A systematic review of case series. Int Orthop. 2012;36(2):221–31.
8. Jain AK. Treatment of tuberculosis of the spine with neurologic complications in symposium on Osteo-articular tuberculosis. Clin Orthop Rel Res 2002; 398: 75-84
9. Crenshaw AH (ed), Tuberculosis of spine, Campbell’s operative orthopaedics, vol 4, 7th edn. CV Mosby, St. Louis.1987; pp 3326-3342.
10. Kotil K, Alan MS, Bilge T. Medical management of Pott disease in the thoracic and lumbar spine: a prospective clinical study. J Neurosurg Spine 2007;6(3):222–8.
11. Raviglione MC. Tuberculosis. In: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J, editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 19th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015.
12. Chen YH, Lin CB, Harnod T, Wu WT, Yu JC, Chen IH, et al. Treatment modalities for tuberculosis of the spine: 22 years’ experience in east Taiwan. Formos J Surg 2013;46:189e94.
13. World Health Organization. Stop TB Partnership. The global plan to stop TB 2011e2015. Available from: http://www.stoptb.org/global/plan [Accessed June 15, 2016].
14. Boachi-Adjei O, Squillante RG. Tuberculosis of the spine. Orthop Clin North Am. 1996;27:95–103.
15. Sterling TR, Pham PA, Chaisson RE. HIV infection-related tuberculosis: clinical manifestations and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(Suppl 3):S223–30.
16. Talbot JC, Bismil Q, Saralaya D, Newton DA, Frizzel RM, Shaw DL. Musculoskeletal tuberculosis in Bradford – a 6-year review. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2007;89(4):405–9.
17. Gautam MP, Karki P, Rijal S, Singh R. Pott’s spine and Pott’s paraplegia. J Nep Med Assoc 2005;44(159):106–15.
18. Grammatico L, Baron S, Rusch E, Lepage B, Surer N, Desenclos JC, et al. Epidemiology of vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) in France: analysis of hospital-discharge data 2002–2003. Epidemiol Infect 2008;136(5):653–60.
19. Currier BC, Eismont FJ. Infection of the spine. In: Herkowitz HN, Garfin SR, Balderston RA, et al. (eds.) Rothman-Simeone The Spine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 1999. p. 1207–58.
20. Schirmer P, Renault CA, Holodniy M. Is spinal tuberculosis contagious? Int J Infect Dis 2010;14(8):e659–66.
21. Shanley DJ. Tuberculosis of the spine: imaging features. Am J Roentgenol 1995;164(3):659–64.
22. Moghtaderi A, Alavi-Naini R, Rahimi-Movagar V. Tuberculous myelopathy: current aspects of neurological sequels in the southeast of Iran. Acta Neurol Scand 2006;113(4):267–72.
23. Moorthy S, Prabhu NK. Spectrum of MR imaging findings in spinal tuberculosis. Am J Roentgenol 2002;179(4):979–83.
24. Tuli SM. Severe kyphotic deformity in tuberculosis of the spine. Int Orthop. 1995;19:327–31.
25. Jain AK, Dhammi IK, Jain S, Mishra P. Kyphosis in spinal tuberculosis – Prevention and correction.Indian J Orthop. 2010 Apr-Jun; 44(2): 127–136.
26. Rajasekaran S, Rao I R. Lumbar instability following tuberculous infections. Indian J Orthop. 2003;37:6.
27. Hodgson AR, Yau A. Pott’s paraplegia: A classification based upon the living pathology. Paraplegia 1967;5(1):1–16.
28. Alavi SM, Sharifi M. Tuberculous spondylitis: risk factors and clinical/paraclinical aspects in the south west of Iran. J Infect Public Health 2010;3(4):196–200.
29. Sternbach G. Percivall Pott: tuberculous spondylitis. J Emerg Med 1996;14:79e83.
30. Rasit AH, Razak M, Ting FS. The pattern of spinal tuberculosis in Sarawak General Hospital. Med J Malaysia 2001; 56: 143-150.
31. Alkhuja S, Miller A. Tuberculosis and sudden death: a case report and review. Heart Lung. 2001 Sep-Oct;30(5):388-91.
32. Marques CDL, Duarte A ˆ LBP, de Lorena VMB, Souza JR, Souza WV, de Miranda Gomes Y, de Carvalho EMF. Evaluation of an interferon gamma assay in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol 2009; Int 30: 57-62
33. Herrera Victor, Perry Sharon, Parsonnet Julie, Banaei Niaz. Clinical application and limitations of interferon-g release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection. Clin Pract 2011; 52: 1031-1037
34. Chan ED, Iseman MD. Current medical treatment for tuberculosis. BMJ 2002;325(7375):1282–6.
35. Alvi AA, Raees A, khan Rehmani MA, Aslam HM, Saleem S, Ashraf J. Magnetic resonance image findings of spinal tuberculosis at first presentation. Int Arch Med 2014;7:12.
36. Ridley N, Shaikh MI, Remedios D, Mitchell R. Radiology of skeletal tuberculosis. Orthopedics 1998;21(11):1213–20.
37. Pandit HG, Sonsale PD, Shikare SS, Bhojraj SY. Bone scintigraphy in tuberculous spondylodiscitis. Eur Spine J 1999;8(3):205–9.
38. Moorthy S, Prabhu N. Spectrum of MR imaging findings in spinal tuberculosis. AJR 2002; 179: 979-983.
39. Jain R, Sawhney S, Berry M. Computed tomography of tuberculosis: patterns of bone destruction. Clin Radiol 1993;47(3):196–9.
40. Mondal A. Cytological diagnosis of vertebral tuberculosis with fine needle aspiration biopsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1994;76(2): 181–4.
41. Francis IM, Das DK, Luthra UK, Sheikh Z, Sheikh M, Bashir M. Value of radiologically guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis: a study of 29 cases. Cytopathology 1999;10(6):390–401.
42. Chen CH, Chen YM, Lee CW, Chang YJ, Cheng CY, Hung JK. Early diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis. J Formos Med Assoc. 2016 Oct;115(10):825-836.
43. Pai M, Riley LW, Colford Jr JM. Interferon-gamma assays in the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2004;4:761e76.
44. Rattan A. PCR for diagnosis of tuberculosis: where are we now? Indian J Tuberc 2000; 47: 79-82
45. Pai M, Flores LL, Hubbard A, Riley LW, Colford Jr JM. Nucleic acid amplifiaction tests in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis:a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2004;4:6.
46. Noordin S, Allana S, Ahmad T, Sajjad Z, Ahmad K, Enam SA, Lakdawala RH. Thoracolumbar Tuberculosis: Implications for Appropriate Management based on Disease Location
and Proposal of a Novel Scoring System.International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health. 2011; 3:18-27.
47. Mehta JS, Bhojraj SY. Tuberculosis of the thoracic spine. A classification based on the selection of surgical strategies. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001 Aug;83(6):859-63.
48. Ferrer MF, Torres LG, Ramirez OA, Zarzuelo MR, Gonzalez NP. Tuberculosis of the spine. A systematic review of case series. Int Orthop. 2012;36(2):221–31. Feb.
49. Jutte PC, Van Loenhout-Rooyackers JH. Routine surgery in addition to chemotherapy for treating spinal tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(1):CD004532. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004532.
50. Tuli SM. Treatment of neurological complications in tuberculosis of spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1969;51(4):680–92.
51. Lifeso RM, Weaver P, Harder EH. Tuberculous spondylitis in adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1985;67(9):1405–13.
52. Hazra A, Laha B. Chemotherapy of osteoarticular tuberculosis. Indian J Pharmacol 2005;37(1):5–12.
53. van Loenhout-Rooyackers JH, Verbeek AL, Jutte PC. Chemotherapeutic treatment for spinal tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002;6(3):259–65.
54. Donald PR. The chemotherapy of osteo-articular tuberculosis with recommendations for treatment of children. J Infect 2011; 62(6):411–39.
55. Hristea A, Constantinescu RV, Exergian F, Arama V, Besleaga M, Tanasescu R. Paraplegia due to non-osseous spinal tuberculosis: report of three cases and review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis 2008;12(4):425–9.
56. Tuli SM. Challenge of therapeutically refractory and multidrug resistant tuberculosis in orthopaedic practice. Indian J Orthop. 2002;36:211–3.
57. Jain AK. Tuberculosis of the spine: A fresh look at an old disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92- B:905–13.
58. Multidrug and extensively drug-resistant TB (M/XDR-TB): global report on surveillance and response. 2010
59. Jain AK, Dhammi IK, Modi P, Kumar J, Sreenivasan R, Saini NS. Tuberculosis spine: Therapeutically refractory disease. Indian J Orthop. 2012 Mar-Apr; 46(2): 171–178.
60. Tuli SM. Results of treatment of spinal tuberculosis by ‘middle path’ regime. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1975;57(1):13–23.
61. Sell P. Expert’s comment concerning grand rounds case entitled ‘Posterior listhesis of a lumbar vertebra in spinal tuberculosis’ (by Matthew A. Kirkman and Krishnamurthy Sridhar). Eur Spine J 2011;20(1):6–8.
62. Leong JC. Tuberculosis of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993; 75(2):173–5.
63. Hodgson AR, Stock FE, Anterior spinal fusion a preliminary communication on the radical treatment of Pott’s disease and Pott’s paraplegia. The British journal of surgery 1956; 44(185): 266-275
64. Faraj AA, Webb JK. Spinal instrumentation for primary pyogenic infection: Report of 31 patients. Acta Orthop Belg 2000; 66: 242-247
65. Fukuta S, Miyamoto K, Masuda T, Hosoe H, Kodama H, Nishimoto H, Sakaeda H, Shimizu K. Two stage (posterior and anterior) surgical Treatment using posterior spinal instrumentation for pyogenic and tuberculotic spondylitis. Spine 2003; 28: E302-E308
66. Soultanis K, Mantelos G, Pagiatakis A, Soucacos PN. Late infection in patients with scoliosis treated with spinal instrumentation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003; 411: 116-123
67. Rajasekaran S. The problem of deformity in spinal tuberculosis. Clin Orthop 2002;398:85-92.
68. Laheri VJ, Badhe NP, Dewnany GT. Single stage decompression, anterior interbody fusion and posterior instrumentation for tuberculous kyphosis of the dorso-lumbar spine. Spinal Cord 2001;39:429-36.
69. Jain AK, Maheshwari AV, Jena S. Kyphus correction in spinal tuberculosis. Clin Orthop 2007;460:117-23.
70. Moon MSW, Woo YK, Lee KS, et al. Posterior instrumentation and anterior interbody fusion for tuberculous kyphosis of dorsal and lumbar spines. Spine 1995;20:1910-16.
71. Yau AC, Hsu LC, O’Brien JP, Hodgson AR. Tuberculous kyphosis: correction with spinal osteotomy, halo-pelvic distraction, and anterior and posterior fusion. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1974;56-A:1419-34.
72. Korovessis P, Repantis T, Iliopoulos P, Hadjipavlou A. Beneficial influence of titanium mesh cage on infection healing and spinal reconstruction in hematogenous septic spondylitis: a retrospective analysis of surgical outcome of twenty-five consecutive cases and review of literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33:E759–E767.
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2017-12-21
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Review Article
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Tuberculosis of Spine. (2017). Journal of Pakistan Orthopaedic Association, 29(03), 70-79. https://jpoa.org.pk/index.php/upload/article/view/25
